Product Monographs
Bachem offers for free a series of brochures on selected groups of products in peptide research and detailed manuals on peptide synthesis.
Amyloid PeptidesProducts for Alzheimer's Research Extracellular amyloid-β peptide deposition into cerebellar plaques and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary fibers accompanied by the loss of neurons are characteristic histopathological lesions found in the brains of Alzheimer‘s disease patients. Individuals suffering from this disease show a gradual loss of cognitive functions and disturbances in behavior. Apart from some rare familial forms of the disease, the onset of Alzheimer‘s disease is usually above 60 years. Since the risk to develop the disease increases with age, Alzheimer‘s disease has become a major health and social problem in the developed countries with an increasing proportion of older people. In this monograph Bachem presents its amyloid peptides and related products for Alzheimer‘s disease research. |
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Antimicrobial PeptidesRibosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a structurally diverse group of molecules found virtually in all organisms. Most antimicrobial peptides contain less than 100 amino acid residues, have a net positive charge, and are membrane active. They are major players in the innate immune defense but can also have roles in processes as chemokine induction, chemotaxis, inflammation, and wound healing. In addition to their antimicrobial effects, many of them show antiviral and antineoplastic activities. |
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CaspaseToday the field of apoptosis research is one of the most investigated areas in the modern biology. Its significance is due to the observation of the involvement of apoptosis in a growing number of several common human diseases including autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and AIDS. Caspases are key players in apoptosis and their activation is generally considered as the “point of no return” in apoptotic pathways. Here we present you an overview of our actual caspase substrates and inhibitors as well as immunochemicals for your apoptosis research. |
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CGRPCalcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37 amino acid peptide which belongs to a family of related peptides including calcitonin, amylin, and adrenomedullin. It exists in two isoforms α-CGRP (or CGRP I) and β-CGRP (or CGRP II) which are very similar in their biological activities and are encoded by different genes. CGRP peptides are mainly localized in sensory and central neurons and have been implicated in a variety of physiological processes such as cardiovascular homeostasis, calcium metabolism, and control of fetoplacental vascular tone. Receptors for this family of peptides belong to the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors linked to the activation of adenylate cyclase. Their interaction with receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) is essential for membrane trafficking and for conferring ligand specificity. In this monograph Bachem presents a selection of its products for CGRP research. |
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CysteineCysteine and its Derivatives in Peptide Synthesis Cystine disulfide bridges help to stabilize the biologically active conformation of peptides and proteins. They are generated by incorporation of cysteine residues followed by oxidation of the thiol functions yielding disulfides („folding“). For the chemical synthesis of peptides, a range of protecting groups has been developed for blocking these sensitive moieties, which may be removed either directly before or during oxidative folding. When synthesizing peptides containing two or more disulfide bonds, S-protection may have to be varied to allow consecutive bridge formation for obtaining an unambiguous structure. Bachem offers a broad selection of protected Cys derivatives for most synthetic needs, especially for Fmoc/tBubased SPPS as well as for Boc/Bzl-based SPPS. Additionally, you will find a choice of cystine derivatives as well as S-protected derivatives of homocysteine, penicillamine, and thiaproline in this brochure. Moreover, Bachem offers a range of protected mercapto carboxylic acids, useful building blocks for synthesizing analogs of cystine-containing peptides. |
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Dap and Dab DerivativesDerivatives of α,β-Diaminopropionic Acid (Dap) and α,γ-Diaminobutyric Acid (Dab) offered by Bachem |
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EndothelinsThe endothelins are a family of 21-amino acid vasoconstrictor peptides comprised of three isoforms, endothelin- 1, endothelin-2, and endothelin-3. Endothelins mediate their actions via two receptor types, classified as the ET-A and ET-B receptors. All three endothelin peptides contain four cysteine residues, which form two intramolecular disulfide bonds and show structural similarity to the family of sarafotoxins originally isolated from snake venom. The endothelins are encoded by distinct genes on separate chromosomes and are synthesized as preproendothelins. These are cleaved by furin-like convertases to produce big endothelins, which are further processed to the mature, active peptides by endothelin-converting enzymes. The endothelin system is involved in developmental processes of neural crest-derived structures and plays an important role in vascular homeostasis and in various pathological conditions including pulmonary arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. |
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FRET SubstratesFluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is the non-radiative transfer of energy from an excited fluorophore (or donor) to a suitable quencher (or acceptor) molecule. FRET is used in a variety of applications including the measurement of protease activity of substrates, with the fluorophore separated from the quencher by a short peptide sequence containing the enzyme cleavage site. Proteolysis of the peptide results in fluorescence as the fluorophore and quencher are separated. In this monograph Bachem presents a range of highly sensitive FRET protease substrates for a variety of enzymes. |
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Ghrelin, Leptin and ObestatinGhrelin is an endogenous peptide discovered by Kojima et al. in 1999 during the search of an unknown endogenous ligand of a receptor of known structure and function. It is a 28 amino acid peptide with an essential n-octanoyl modification on the hydroxy group of Ser3 and displays strong growth hormone-releasing activity mediated by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a). Ghrelin also participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis, increases food intake, and decreases energy expenditure by lower-ing the catabolism of fat. Several years after the isolation of ghrelin a second peptide derived from preproghrelin was isolated from rat stomach. This 23 amino acid peptide named obestatin was initially considered to oppose the orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) effects of ghrelin. It was also reported to be the cognate ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor GPR39. Later studies, however, cast doubt on the initial findings as subsequent studies failed to confirm the anorexigenic effects of obestatin. Leptin, a satiety hormone produced by white adipose tissue, was discovered in 1994 and represents another appetite regulator. Leptin and ghrelin are supposed to share hypothalamic pathways regulating food intake and energy homeostasis. |
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LHRHAgonists and Antagonists LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) is a decapeptide hormone which is synthesized in neurosecretory cells within the hypothalamus and released in a pulsatile fashion into the pituitary portal circulation. Since it controls the secretion of the gonadotropins LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland, it is also designated as GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone). Pulsatile secretion is essential for reproductive functions, sexual development, and differentiation. Prolonged non-pulsatile administration of LHRH results in a down-regulation of LH and FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland, followed by a suppression of gonadal steroid synthesis. This effect, which is shared by longer-acting GnRH agonists, is used for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast and prostate cancers but also for the treatment of endometriosis and precocious puberty. In reproductive medicine, continuous administration of LHRH agonists serves to prevent a premature LH surge prior to stimulation of ovulation. In this monograph Bachem presents its LHRH agonists and antagonists for endocrinological research and its generic APIs in this field. |
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