What is mass spectrometry?

This extraordinary type of analytical technique has been used by scientists for over 100 years. It measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions by ionizing a sample, separating the components based on their mass and charge, and detecting them to determine their composition. MS helps determine molecular mass, uncover molecular structures, and quantify compounds with high precision. It also has the capabilities of identifying unknown substances, quantifying known ones, and revealing their chemical properties, offering valuable insights into the makeup of complex samples.

What is mass spectrometry used for?

Mass spectrometry is an incredibly versatile tool with a broad range of applications, particularly in industries that demand precision and accuracy. Most notably, MS is essential in peptide and oligonucleotide manufacturing, helping ensure the purity and structure of these complex molecules. In peptide production, MS is key to confirming the right sequence and identifying any impurities or modifications. For oligonucleotides, it ensures integrity and sequence precision, which is vital for applications like gene therapy and diagnostics.

With its power to provide detailed analysis, MS is indispensable in delivering high-quality, safe products. Beyond manufacturing, it’s used in:

• Drug development to track ingredients and metabolites
• Clinical diagnostics for analyzing biological samples
• Environmental science and food safety to detect contaminants

How does mass spectrometry work? 

Mass spectrometry works by breaking a sample into charged particles and measuring their mass-to-charge ratio. First, the sample is ionized, meaning it’s turned into charged molecules or fragments. These ions are then passed through an electric and magnetic field, where they’re separated based on their mass and charge. Lighter ions move faster, while heavier ions move slower. The ions are detected, and a spectrum is created, showing the abundance of each ion and its corresponding mass. By analyzing the spectrum, scientists can then determine the composition, structure, and quantity of the sample. 

What are the five main stages of mass spectrometry?

Mass spectrometry is a complex process that is centred around five key stages, each contributing to the precision and depth of the analysis. These stages work together to provide detailed insights into the composition of a sample. 

Ionization

The first stage of mass spectrometry is ionization, where the sample is converted into ions, allowing for analysis. This process involves vaporizing the sample, whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas, and then ionizing it by removing an electron to form positively charged ions. Ionization can be performed using different methods, such as hard or soft ionization, depending on the sample and desired results. The ions are then pushed into the next part of the spectrometer.

Acceleration

In the acceleration stage, the ions are accelerated through an electric field to give them uniform kinetic energy. The ions pass through parallel charged plates where they are attracted and repelled, which controls the acceleration speed. This process ensures that all ions are moving at similar speeds, preparing them for the next stage.

Deflection

The accelerated ions are then directed through a magnetic or electric field, which causes them to deflect. The amount of deflection depends on the mass and charge of the ions—lighter ions or those with higher charge are deflected more, while heavier ions are deflected less. This helps separate the ions based on their characteristics.

Detection

The ions that have been deflected are detected by a specialized detector. As the ions hit the detector, they generate an electric signal that is measured. The signal strength helps determine the number and type of ions, and the data is recorded as a mass spectrum. The detector provides crucial information about the ions’ mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).

Data processing

The final stage is data processing, where the mass spectrum is analyzed. Specialized software interprets the data, providing insights into the molecular composition, structure, and concentration of the sample. This stage is essential for extracting meaningful information from the MS data and turning it into a usable result for further research or analysis.

What are the benefits of mass spectrometry in peptide and oligonucleotide manufacturing? 

Mass spectrometry offers unmatched precision and efficiency in peptide and oligonucleotide manufacturing. Its sensitivity enables accurate identification and quantification of components, ensuring product purity and structural integrity. Compared to other techniques, MS is faster and provides highly reproducible results, critical for maintaining consistency in manufacturing. Experts can also simultaneously analyze large numbers of molecules, streamlining workflows and boosting productivity. As well as this, when it is integrated with techniques like gas chromatography (GC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS), MS enhances sensitivity and delivers exceptionally detailed data.

Partner with Bachem for comprehensive quality analysis services

When it comes to peptide and oligonucleotide manufacturing, Bachem sets the standard for excellence. With over 50 years of experience, we combine cutting-edge technologies like mass spectrometry with industry-leading expertise to deliver unparalleled precision and reliability. Our commitment to quality is backed by ISO certification and GMP compliance, ensuring every product meets stringent regulatory requirements.

What truly sets Bachem apart is our integrated approach. From early-stage development to large-scale manufacturing, we offer comprehensive analytical services that support every step of your project. Our advanced techniques, including GC-MS and HPLC-MS, ensure accurate identification, quantification, and structural analysis of complex molecules.

We understand the challenges of modern manufacturing and provide tailored solutions that enhance efficiency, consistency, and product quality. Partner with us today and discover how we can elevate your manufacturing process.